Play Therapy Essay Example for Free

Play Therapy Essay Sometimes children go through difficult passages in their lives. It therefore becomes prudent to provide them with effective ways of helping them ease through these passages. Infact, children are good teachers and they know what they want and what is right for them (Kottman, 1993). All they need is just space to do it. Play therefore becomes very important in releasing these pent-up emotions, feelings of anxiety, fear disappointment, aggression and insecurity (Chethik, Morton. 2000). This brings us to the issue of play therapy. What is play therapy? Play therapy refers to a method of psychotherapy with children in which a child’s fantasies and symbolic meanings of his/her play are used as a medium for understanding and communication with him/her (Landreth, 2002). Through this method, the child is helped to control his/her emotions, thoughts, wishes and needs using games, toys and mediums such as clay, drawings and paint. By doing so, the child is helped to understand the muddled feelings and upsetting events that he/she has not had a chance or skill to sort out properly. Thus through this symbolic representation, the child gains a sense of control over events that in reality, seem uncontrollable. Unlike in adult therapy where one has to explain what is troubling him, children use play to communicate at their own level and pace without any feeling of interrogation or threat using toys as their words and play as their language (Landreth, 2002). Rationale for play therapy In play therapy, the symbolic of function play is vital in providing children with a means of expressing their inner world. This use of play therapy is rooted on a development understanding of children. According to Piaget (1962), children at the pre-operational stage (2-7 yrs) are acquiring language in which symbols represent mental objects. A child’s play in this stage becomes increasingly imaginary and fantasy-driven. The child is internally improving his/her understanding and knowledge but lacks the external ability to communicate this enhanced way of processing within the world. Play thus becomes the medium through which the child communicates this internal awareness of self to others. Piaget further asserts that during the concrete operational state (8-11 yrs) the child grows in his/her personal ability to reason logically and organize thoughts coherently. He/she is unable to express certain complicated emotions such as resentment or guilt due to the need for abstract thought to understand them. Play then helps the child bridge the gap between concrete experience and abstract thought. Landreth (2002) identifies basic principles necessary in play therapy. These include that children’s natural language is play, that they have an inherent tendency towards growth and maturity and lastly, and are themselves capable of positive self-direction since they posses the capacity to act responsibly. Play is a natural language from which children express themselves (Landreth, 2002). And as stated earlier, developmentally, it bridges the gap between concrete experience and abstract thought. Children gain a sense of control through play and also learn coping skills (Chethik, Morton. 2000). At times, children also receive other types of treatment. Children for instance that are unable to control their attention impulses, have a tendency to react violently, or experience severe anxiety would be included in play therapy. The therapy addresses the child’s psychological symptoms (Chethik, Morton. 2000). The child will also receive play therapy to alleviate low self-esteem feelings, excessive worry, incompetence and helplessness (Chethik, Morton. 000). In play therapy, toys are viewed as the child’s words and play as the child’s language – a language of activity. Play is then to children what psychotherapy is to adults. The use of toys enables the child to transfer his anxieties, fears, fantasies from his own feelings and guilt to objects rather then people. Through this process, the safety of children from their own feelings is guaranteed because it enables them to distance themselves from those traumatic experiences. By acting out a frightening experience symbolically through play, or reversing the outcome in play activity, the child moves towards an inner resolution and then he/she is able to cope with or adjust to problems (Axline, 1989). Through the play processes, the child is allowed to consider new possibilities not possible in reality thus greatly expanding the expression of self (Bratton. Et al. 2005). Also, within the safety of the play therapy experience, the child explores the unfamiliar and develops a knowing that is both experiential – feelings and cognitive. In a nutshell, the unfamiliar becomes familiar and the child expresses outwardly what takes place inwardly. Therefore, a major function of play in play therapy is the changing of what may be unmanageable in real life to a manageable situation via symbolic representation, through which the child is provided with opportunities for learning to cope (Axline, 1989). The process of play therapy The initial focus of therapy is in building a relationship between a child and the therapist. This relationship is what provides dynamic growth and healing for the child. It is therefore a very important tool because a child will readily express himself every time he/she feels respected and accepted. According to Landreth (1991), there are principles that should provide guidelines for establishment of a therapeutic relationship. Some of the guidelines include that the therapist is genuinely interested in the child. Also, the therapist experiences unqualified acceptance of the child and does not wish that the child were different in some way. He further creates a feeling of safety and permissiveness in the relationship so the child feels free to explore and express himself/herself totally. Landreth further asserts that the therapist should always be sensitive to the child’s feelings and gently reflect those feelings in a manner that encourages the child to develop self-understanding (Landreth, 2002). Additionally, the therapist should deeply believe in the child’s capacity to act responsibly and respect the child’s ability to solve personal problems and give him the opportunity to do so. He should also trust the child’s inner direction and to lead in all areas of relationship and avoid directing the child’s play. This therapist should appreciate the gradual nature of the therapeutic process in a slow manner, and finally he should establish only the therapeutic limits that help the child accept personal and appropriate responsibility. The primary objective of the process is not only to solve the problem but to help in the growth of the child. The therapist primarily meets with the child alone and arranges time to meet with parents separately or with the child depending with the situation. The structure of the sessions should be consistently maintained to provide a feeling of stability and safety for the child. In the session, the therapist uses specific techniques to assess how a child experiences his/her world and how he/she communicates and reacts to events and people in his/her own world. The child is led to become aware of what he/she is feeling and opportunities are given to express these feelings. Awareness is thus a very important aspect in play therapy because without it, change is not possible (Chethik, Morton. 2000). Throughout the therapy, the child is empowered and supported to learn more about who he/she thinks she/he is, to talk about things that are frightening or painful, to be self supportive as well as to experiment new behavior (Bratton. Et al. 2005). Since the child’s world is a world of action and activity, the therapy provides the therapist with an opportunity to enter the child’s world. The child lives out the past experience and related moments at the moment of play. Without the presence of play materials, the therapist could only talk with the child about aggressive behavior exhibited in the recent past. In play therapy however, whatever reason for referral, the therapist has the opportunity to experience and actively deal with that problem immediately. By so doing, the child plays out feelings by banging them to the surface, getting them out in the open, facing them and either abandoning them or learning to control them. Toys and materials Since toys and materials are part of this communicative process for children, careful attention must be given to their appropriate selection. The rule here is selection rather than accumulation. Please note that random assortment of acquired toys and materials often appear like junk rooms and they therefore doom the therapy process to failure. They should then be carefully selected for the contribution they make to accomplish the play objective and the extent to which they are consistent with the play therapy rationale. Some general guidelines to consider are that the tools should be durable and should communicate a message of â€Å"be yourself in playing† rather than â€Å"be careful. † They should provide children with a variety in choice of medium of expression. (Eliana, G. 1994). However, they need not be elaborate and above all they should not be complex. Remember that the first toys to be used were sticks. The tools should be age appropriately manageable so that the child will not be frustrated in his efforts to express himself/herself. No toy should require the child to seek the therapist’s help to manipulate. Landreth (1991) asserts that the toys and materials should facilitate establishment of a positive relationship with the child, testing of limits, exploration of real-life experiences, development of positive image, self-undertaking, expression of a wide range of feelings and opportunity to redirect behaviors unacceptable to others. These toys can be grouped into three basic classes viz; real-life toys such as a doll, a small cardboard box with rooms indicated by tape strips or felt pen markers, doll house furniture, pacifier and a small car. Secondly, there are those acting out or aggressive release toys such as handcuffs, toy guns, dart gun and toy soldiers, aggressive puppets, rubber knife and punching bags. Finally, there are toys for creative expression and emotional release such as crayons, newsprints, blue scissors, hand puppets, plain mask, and also sand trays. Setting limits in Play Therapy This is a very crucial part of this process. The structure of the therapeutic limits is what helps to make the experience a real life relationship (Eliana, G. 994). Limits in play therapy have advantages both practically and therapeutically since they preserve the therapeutic relationship; facilitate the child’s opportunities to learn self responsibility and self control. Provide the child with emotional security and physical safety and thus enabling the child to explore and express his/her inner emotional dimensions that perhaps have remained hidden in his/her other relationships (Axline, 1989). Boundaries are necessary here to provide predictability and thus the children are not allowed to do anything they want to do. The play therapy relationship has minimum limits (Eliana, G. 1994). Exploration is encouraged, messiness accepted and persistence is the guiding principle. Play therapy is a learning experience and thus limits are not set until they are needed. The limits are worded in such a way that the child is allowed to bring himself under control. Research and Results Play therapy is an approach based on well thought out, philosophically conceived, developmentally based and research supported approach to assisting children cope with and overcome the problems they experience in life (Bratton. Et al. 2005). It has therefore been demonstrated to be effective in a variety of children’s problems including, but not limited to, abuse and neglect, aggression and acting out, autism, fear and anxiety, grief, hospitalization, learning disabilities, chronic illnesses, withdrawn children and burn victims. In the case studies reported by Landreth, the views that play therapy requires a long-term commitment is totally unfounded. Conclusion Play therapy can thus help a child to become aware of his feelings and how those feelings manifest into his/ her behavior (Bratton. Et al. 2005). He/she learns to become better at regulating emotions and expressing them in constructive ways. This combination of skills may help a child to become more assertive, self confident and to have self respect and respect for others. He/she then get this assurance that he/she will be understood and accepted.

Breast Cancer Essay -- Health Disease Essays Papers Prevention

Breast Cancer Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. There are many different types of cancer that are affecting people all over. Breast Cancer is one of these, and is found in man and women. Over 200,000 women and 1,300 men have been diagnosed with breast cancer this year. One in eight women will detect breast cancer in their lifetime. Men are less than one percent of the cases of breast cancer that are detected. Although prevention is not yet available, early detection is the best way to handle breast cancer, which can be treated in many ways. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor found in the glandular tissue of the breast. This tumor is called a carcinoma, which causes a single abnormal cell to multiple at rapid rates. A malignant tumor damages tissue and can spread. Cancer spreads when it breaks away and gets into the bloodstream. The tumor can be removed but there is still a possibility that they will grow back. When breast cancer spreads it is called metastatic breast cancer. If it is a benign tumor it is non cancerous, will not spread, but could damage some tissue. They are also not life- threatening and can be removed, which they rarely grow back. Breasts are glands that can produce milk. There are two main types of breast cancer, ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. Ductal carcinoma is cancer in the lining of milk ducts of the breast. Lobular carcinoma is cancer in the lobules where breast milk is produced. There has not been a way detected to prevent breast cancer yet. The best way to protect you against breast cancer is by getting a mammogram at age 35 and once a year after age 40. Also you should perform a self-exam of the breast each month after age 20 f... ...nemia. There is a five-year survival rate for women with breast cancer. The percentage of survival has risen from 72 to 96. If the cancer has spread to other tissue then the rate goes down to 78. The hope of recovering from the diagnosis of breast cancer is extremely high. Women are becoming a lot more optimistic about being diagnosis with breast cancer. It is highly recommended that they see a physician regularly and give them themselves self-breast examinations. Breast cancer kills about 39, 800 women a year and about 400 men. Self-examination is one way to detect breast cancer early and give you a better chance of recovering from it. Many treatments are available and can help get rid of breast cancer. Even though there is no prevention for this cancer yet, detecting symptoms early and receiving treatment is the best way to get rid of breast cancer.

Realism, the Portray of Women Mistreatment

Realism, the Portray of Women Mistreatment In the 19th century a new trend of writing appeared in the American literature called, realism and it is defined as the â€Å"faithful representation of reality'. Writers attempt to document life as it â€Å"without romantic idealization or dramatization† and â€Å"character is more important than action and plot†. Two short stories are representative of realism â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"The Story of An Hour. † In these stories Charlotte Gilman and Kate Chopin characterize women who are being dominated by a manly society nd who do not see women more than a simply spouses or mothers.However, they are faithful believers that women in reality are beings that should be allowed to express themselves because they are strong enough to stand for themselves; and should not be subordinate in any marriage. Likewise, in these two stories the realism portrays the maltreatment of women in their marriage, which clea rly can be seen develop in the plot, characterization, setting, and theme of the stories. The works of realism are present in the plot of both stories. Throughout the story of â€Å"The YellowWallpaper† her husband John treats the protagonist with a lot of authority and demand. â€Å"John says if I don't pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall†¦ But John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. (Gilman, 86-90. ). And this overwhelming treatment carried the poor woman to a deep insanity, making her hallucinate about the paper design of her room. â€Å"It is the strangest yellow, that wall-paper!It makes me think of all the yellow things I ever saw†not beautiful ones like buttercups, but old oul, bad yellow things†¦ Through watching so much at night, when it changes so, I have finally found out. The front pattern does move†and no wonder! The woman behind shakes it! Sometimes I think there are a great many women behind, and sometimes only one, and she crawls around fast, and her crawling shakes it all over. † (Gilman, 95, 96. ). The husband's controlling attitude and low ignorance against her destroyed this woman mental stability.At the same time in â€Å"The Story of An Hour,† Mrs. Mallard thought that the death of Mr. Mallard would be the opportunity or her to get out from an oppressed marriage that didn't let her live the life that she ever dreamed. For the first time in her life, she could visualize herself without the control and pressure that her marriage gave her. â€Å"There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully†¦ But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely.And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. † (Chopin, 66-67. ). In these two stories we can see the great desire of these women to be treated with res pect; a ense of dignity for what they are, something that would make them feel like their voice counted rather than having a meaning to their life because of who theyre married to. Moreover, the women of these stories are truthful realistic characters. The narrator of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† it is a docile, â€Å"ordinary' (Gilman, 85. middle class woman who suffered from a â€Å"temporary nervous depression† (Gilman, 85). She is forbidden to work and writes in her Journal, which she enjoys very much. She is also torbi dden to take care ot ner newborn baby and visit any triends, making ner eel like no control over her life. â€Å"Am absolutely forbidden to â€Å"work† until I am well again†¦ â€Å"There comes John, and I must put this away, †he hates to have me write a word†¦ And yet I cannot be with him (baby), it makes me so nervous†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (Gilman, 85-87-88. ).The main character of this story is an oppressed woman, who could not e scape from her reality and in real life a vast of women around the world go through this kind of situation. For instance, my mother is one of them, for many years she undergoes from a temporary nervous depression, caused by my little brother's birth. My father labeled himself a very wise man, but never looked for the help she needed to. As well, he prohibited her to work and the only thing that she could do was to take care of house's chores.Couple times in my life I saw my own mother in the edge of the madness that her monotony life and my father little comprehension about her illness carried her. I remembered, myself scare at her and crying because I did not understand why she behaved in those manner and why my father was so authoritarian with all of us; and with so low emotion about my mother situation. One day my mother woke up from her dream and decides that she had to take control of her life and run away from him, leaving my little brother and me in his cares.I strongly belie ved that many women around the world, most of the time married the wrong man, because they cannot understand them and do not make them feel valuable as their marital partner. On the other hand, in â€Å"The Story of An Hour,† Mrs. Mallard is another typical middle class woman that has â€Å"loved her husband sometimes† (Chopin, 67. ), but with a â€Å"certain strength†(Chopin, 67. ) that all she anted is to â€Å"drink a very elixir of life†, (Chopin, 68. ). And who suffers from heart problem, that probably her outrage marriage had left her with â€Å"Knowing that Mrs.Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble†¦ † (Chopin, 66. ). In fact, Mrs. Mallard is an intelligence woman with a great desire of living her life without any attachments and a visionary woman that proved that she did not need any man to stand up for her. As an illustration, Mrs. Mallard story is similar to my cousin Birmania's story. She is also a very intelligent woman, who m arried her boyfriend whom she was for a long time. After the wedding, they got a beautiful house, equipped with a lot nice furniture. Her boyfriend (now her husband), as soon they got married prohibited her to work.At first, she was happy with the idea because she used to love him and she wanted to play a wife's roles. Times passed and her monotonic life started hit her and her husband's behavior was not what she dreamed about, she felt she wanted to escape from him and divorced him. He, otherwise did not accept her idea, he thought that could not be possible because he had always give her all the material thing that she ad wanted; house, money and car. But, in reality she needed more than that. Birmania needed more emotional attention; she wanted to work, to be herself, once for all.Eventually, how many women nowadays are yet bowed in the oppression of their marriages? As well as the plot and characterization, these two stories share realistic settings. Both take place in the Unite d States during the 19th century and fully described the surrounding of their main characters. For example, in the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the story take place in a summer's house, specifically in the narrator's room. She does not have lot furniture on it, except for a bed, the barred around the window and the â€Å"queer† (Gilman, 85. ) yellow wallpaper. I'm really getting quite tond ot the big room, all but that horrid paper†¦ It is a big, airy room, the whole floor nearly, with windows that look all ways, and air and sunshine galore. It was nursery first and then playroom and gymnasium, I should Judge; for the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls. â€Å"(Gilman, 87-88. ). Consequently, â€Å"The Story of An Hour† happened in the Mrs. Mallard's house mostly in er room, where she sat in a chair to contemplate the outside windows landscape and dreamed about her future. She sat with her head thrown back upo n the cushion of the chair†¦ A dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection. â€Å"(Chopin, 66-67. ). The ironic reality in the settings of theses stories is that even though the environment illustrated for these women were a comfortable life, nice houses and neighborhood, deep inside of themselves, their hearts were screaming to be understood as well as heir need of a sense of freedom. Above all, the themes in these stories are the reflection of real struggle of women in their marriage.Even though it is not explain in the story, Mrs. Mallard perhaps had to encounter a lot discouragement and affliction in her marriage in order to feel that only with Mr. Mallard death, she would be free. A sense of freedom that was stronger than the sadness she felt from this news. â€Å"Free! Body and soul free! † She kept whispering† (Chopin, 68. ). Today, despite of a lot of women, they don't feel treated, as they wanted by their spouses; they continue in ilence, struggling in their marriage enduring maltreatment and restrained themselves from the pleasure of doing what they dreamed one day for their life.However, in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the woman did not have a voice, she loved her husband too and appreciated all what he did for her, she suffered to know that whatever she said or did was never enough for him. â€Å"John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him†¦ I don't like our room a bit. I wanted one downstairs that opened on the piazza and had roses all ver the window, and such pretty old-fashioned chintz hangings! But John would not hear of it. (Gilman, 86- 87. ).For this woman to feel underappreciated by her husband, may have been more depressing than her own nervous condition. It is fair to say that the themes of this story it is also relate to the fact that many women in all culture s of our society, become victims of their circumstance, and they lose the control of their life when their husbands do not look at them as human beings that are capable of going beyond of their genders' identity. For the most part, the characters in both of tories go along in the theme of discouragement in their marriage.To conclude, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour† we now agree that the realism is shown in the plot, characterization, setting, and the theme of both stories. Also, we can see that both characters share the same concerned to their reader, they want women around the world to have self-expression, freedom to be themselves. They believed that women, not only deserve a good house and furniture, but they do also deserve respects. Gilman and Chopin with these work portray themselves as faithful believer n women ‘capacities and do not support any physical or mental mistreatment to them.

Essay on Lewis Carrolls Alice Adventures in Wonderland

Aside from the very obvious madness and chaos of the scene, there is also a very stark example of the dream logic displayed in other parts of the story. There is also a sense of the feelings of loneliness. Alice is the only one that seems upset about the unfairness of the situation, especially when she grows back to her full size and everyone turns on her. This shows the separation she has from the other characters in terms of their state of mind. This is also where another aspect of the dream logic comes into play. Alice becomes the center of attention during the trial. When Alice grows back to her normal size, she draws all the attention to herself, the Knave all but forgotten†¦show more content†¦The trial for the Knave of Hearts made Alice feel separate from the other characters and she realizes that she is alone amongst these crazy, mad creatures. To be the only sane person in a world corrupted by the insane is a very terrifying thing. When we dream, our feelings appear quite real and we can often feel things just as strongly as when we are awake. This is why, when we get hurt in a dream, it feels like it actually does hurt. And when we wake, we still feel a slight aching sensation, as if the paint still lingers in our memory, like a phantom. It is not quite tangible, but it is still present in our memory. The feelings Alice must have felt, the fear of being alone is more than likely what caused the dream to shift, ultimately leading to her wake up. This ending is not meant to seem like a fight against good and evil, as there technically are no ‘good’ or ‘evil’ characters in Wonderland as there is no morality. There is only logic and the lack of logic. It is the characters that defy logic that are Alice’s opponents. (Bush) At the end, as well as throughout the novel, Alice attempts to defeat the irrational with logic. Carroll must have seen this last scene as a necessary addition to the story so the natural order o f the universe would be maintained. This shows that amongst all the chaotic and seemingly random occurrences in the novel, there is an undeniable order to theShow MoreRelatedA Pen Name Lewis Carroll1429 Words   |  6 Pages Annan 1 Introduction About the author Charles Dodgson’s also known by his pen name Lewis Carroll was born January 27, 1892 in Daresbury, Cheshire England, and died in 1898 at Guildford, Surrey. He was raised in the country where he was the oldest of eight siblings. He began writing at an early age, mostly as entertainment for his younger siblings. Carroll hadRead MoreLewis Carroll: A Brief Biography785 Words   |  3 PagesLewis Carroll Lewis Carroll was born on January 27, 1832 in Daresbury, England. His real name is Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, but is known by his pseudonym Lewis Carroll. 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